Which of the following describes a long-term effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

The long-term effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system is represented by increased stroke volume. Stroke volume refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each heartbeat. Regular physical training enhances the heart's efficiency, resulting in a stronger heart muscle that can pump a larger volume of blood per contraction. As a result, athletes often experience a higher stroke volume, contributing to better oxygen delivery to muscles during physical activity and improving overall cardiovascular fitness.

This adaptation is beneficial as it means the heart does not have to work as hard during rest or moderate exercise, leading to a lower resting heart rate and improved endurance. Such changes contribute positively to overall health and athletic performance, making increased stroke volume a key indicator of long-term cardiovascular adaptation to exercise.